Limited by attitudes and thinking styles

• were mentally careless
• failed to read instructions carefully
• rushed through a problem ("one-shot thinking")
• didn't make a complete effort (quit too soon)
• were indifferent about their performance
• placed little value on reasoning as a way to solve a problem
• were more interested in the right answer than how to arrive at it

Research by Arthur Whimbey, reported in Raymond S. Nickerson, David N. Perkins, and Edward E. Smith, The Teaching of Thinking. Laurence Erlbaum, 1985

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